17 DecA Final Case Study of SCALE Activities at UW-Madison: The Influence of Institutional Context

Institutions of higher education (IHEs) play an important role in mathematics and science education by offering undergraduate instruction, operating teacher training programs, and providing in-service training for K–12 teachers. The National Science Foundation (NSF)–funded System-wide Change for All Learners (SCALE) project sought to effect change in its partner IHEs by (a) improving science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) undergraduate education; (b) improving collaborations between STEM and education faculty on preservice programs; (c) improving collaborations between IHE faculty and K–12 districts on inservice training; and (d) improving the institutional policies and practices that support these activities. As part of the SCALE IHE case studies line of work, this paper provides findings on the effects of the SCALE project at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (UW-Madison) between May 2004 and August 2007. This case study includes two interrelated accounts of SCALE activities: (a) a presentation of evaluation findings for each of the SCALE activities undertaken at UW-Madison and (b) an analysis of how specific aspects of the institutional context influenced SCALE activities.

Hora, M. and Millar, S.B. September 2008. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Center for Education Research.

10 SepMadison Metropolitan School District Mathematics Task Force Report: Review of Mathematics Curriculum and Related Issues

The report is the culmination of 18 months of research and discussion on the important factors affecting K-12 student learning in mathematics. The 10 member task force responsible for the report was appointed by former Superintendent Art Rainwater and was composed of community, district, and university representatives. The task force was co-chaired by University of Nebraska-Lincoln Professor of Mathematics, Jim Lewis (who has been a leading figure nationally in mathematics education) and former Deputy Superintendent for Instruction at Los Angeles Unified School District, Merle Price (who now has appointments at UCLA and CSU Northridge). The report (with findings and recommendations) was delivered by the co-chairs to the MMSD Board of Education at their September 8, 2008 meeting.

June 2008. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Center for Education Research, School of Education.

15 JulA Final Case Study of SCALE Activities at California State University, Northridge

As part of the SCALE IHE Case Studies line of work, this document provides findings on the effects of the SCALE project at the California State University, Northridge (CSUN) between March 2005 and August 2007. Case studies of two other SCALE IHEs—the California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH), and the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison)— have been produced. A cross-case analysis of the three IHE case studies will present a diagnostic approach to evaluating STEM education interventions in complex organizations.

Institutions of Higher Education (IHE) play an important role in math and science education by providing undergraduate instruction, teacher training programs, and in-service training for K–12 teachers. The National Science Foundation-funded
System-wide Change for All Learners and Educators (SCALE) project sought to effect change in its partner IHEs by creating a “transformative culture” through “cross-cultural working teams” that operated at the intersections among K–12 districts, colleges of education, and colleges of mathematics, science, and engineering (SCALE, 2005). The SCALE goals for IHEs are to: a) improve science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) undergraduate education; b) improve collaboration between STEM and education faculty regarding preservice programs; c) improve collaboration between IHE faculty and K–12 districts regarding in-service training; and (d) improve institutional policies and practices that support these activities.

Hora, M. and Millar, S.B. July 2008. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Center for Education Research.

18 JanFifth Annual Evaluator’s Report

As originally proposed to NSF in April of 2002, the “System-wide Change for All Learners and Educators” (SCALE) Math Science Partnership does not rely upon an external evaluator. Instead, four lines of evaluation were proposed and pursued by a separate team for each: a) Building a Partnership under the leadership of Susan Millar, District Case studies under the leadership of Bill Clune, Targeted Studies originally under the leadership of Norman Webb and later replaced by Bruce King, and still later replaced by Eric Osthoff and Adam Gamoran and b) Indicators directed by Norman Webb and more recently joined by Jeff Watson.

Year 5 Evaluator’s Report (PDF, 270KB)

18 JanFifth Annual Progress Report

The System-wide Change for All Learners and Educators Project (SCALE) was funded during the first round of MSP awards. It was recognized that the SCALE plan, as proposed, was complex, challenging and creative. The question in the minds of all was “How could an MSP so diverse with regard to types and sizes of school districts and IHE entities, geographic spread, and so ambitious in its goals, succeed?”

Fifth Annual Progress Report (PDF, 424KB)

18 JanStudent Results Show Benefits of Math and Science Partnerships

Students’ performance on annual math and science assessments improved in almost every age group when their schools were involved in a program that partners K-12 teachers with their colleagues in higher education. While an earlier study tracked schools that began work in the first year of the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Math and Science Partnership program (MSP), the most recent study followed more than 300 schools participating in partnerships that began to be funded during the program’s second year.

Press Release for NSF

18 JanPartnership Implementation in the MSP Program

The Math and Science Partnership (MSP) Program at the National Science Foundation (NSF) promotes the development, implementation, and sustainability of exemplary partnerships to advance high-quality math and science education. The MSP Program anticipates that the partnerships will be instrumental in improving K-12 student achievement, as well as reducing achievement gaps among diverse student populations differentiated by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, or disability, a strategy advocated by Haycock et al. (1992). The importance of being partnership driven with science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) faculty engagement is apparent not only from the name of the program, but also in the National Science Foundation’s (NSF’s) decision to include it as one of the five “key features” of the program.” To prepare for an assessment of MSP partnerships and to examine the start-up and implementation phase, this report provides “an overview of the relevant literature on partnerships, beginning with the basic and most noted definitions of partnerships, integrated with a discussion about the development of an evaluation framework.

Scherer, J. July 2006. Cosmos Corporation.

14 SepProfile Series on the SCALE Partnership

System-wide Change for All Learners and Educators (SCALE) is a National Science Foundation project dedicated to improving K-12 mathematics and science teaching and learning for all. The partners include four urban school districts and three universities: Los Angeles Unified School District; Denver Public Schools; Madison Metropolitan School District; Providence Public Schools; California State University, Dominguez Hills; California State University, Northridge and University of Wisconsin-Madison. Find out about some of the people who make things happen for the SCALE project—their roles, how they fit in with the project’s goals, and how their SCALE-related work has impacted them and students. Click on a name to read more:

 

    • Anne Schoenemann (MMSD): Curriculum and Professional Development Collaborator

 

    • John Keyantash (CSUDH): Science Immersion Unit co-developer, co-facilitator of science institutes

 

    • Merle Price (CSUDH): Leadership Team, Educational Consultant

 

    • Terry Millar (UW-Madison): SCALE Director

 

    • Hedi Baxter (UW-Madison): Curriculum Manager for SCALE Immersion Units

 

    • Cathy Hunt (MMSD): MMSD kindergarten teacher, science immersion unit lead teacher

 

    • Dan Lauffer (UW-Madison): Co-Director of Immersion Science

 

    • Ronni Ephraim (LAUSD): LAUSD Leader

 

    • Susan Millar (UW-Madison): BP & IHE Team Leader

 

  • Diana Takenaga (LAUSD): Facilitator for SCALE/QED Immersion

10 SepKey Concept Articles on the SCALE Partnership

System-wide Change for All Learners and Educators (SCALE) is a National Science Foundation project dedicated to improving K-12 mathematics and science teaching and learning for all. This series illustrates key concepts derived from the research conducted by the SCALE research team that are organized under the major themes of the National Science Foundation’s Math and Science Partnership (MSP) Program: Partnerships Across Institutions; Challenging Courses and Curricula; Evidence-based Design and Outcomes; Teacher Quality, Quantity and Diversity; and Institutional Change and Sustainability.

SCALE’s Reach into the Future

In five to ten years from now, UW-Madison teacher education students should be better prepared to teach middle school science, thanks in part to the groundwork provided by SCALE. Institutional Change and Sustainability

Committee Works to Bridge Gaps in Preservice Education

Education students who plan on teaching middle school math or science need a strong connection between content and pedagogy. SCALE has helped unite math and science departments with education to create stronger preservice teacher education programs. Teacher Quality, Quantity and Diversity

Math Masters change the Way Teachers and Professors Learn

SCALE professional development based on research helps teachers learn a set of skills, processes, habits of mind and attitudes, along with deepening content levels. Teacher Quality, Quantity and Diversity

SCALE Institutes Get Newer Teachers Up to Speed

For school districts with high teacher turnover coupled with a national shortage of certified science teachers, the SCALE institute method of increasing content knowledge levels along with improving pedagogy may provide an efficient way to deal with teacher preparedness for specific topics. Teacher Quality, Quantity and Diversity

SCALE Research: Science Immersion Connects with Students

SCALE prepares teachers to first engage student thinking on the topic, then using an inquiry approach, facilitate student discovery of new concepts, mastery of the subject and lifelong learning skills. Challenging Courses and Curricula

Immersion Units and the Inquiry Toolbox

Engaging students in scientific inquiry to develop deep understanding of standards-based science concepts is both a philosophical approach to learning and a teaching/learning strategy. Challenging Courses and Curricula

Evolution of SCALE Professional Development

SCALE uses an interactive process where developers, faculty, administrators, and teachers work together to adapt curricula to make it more useful for all educators and students alike. Teacher Quality, Quantity and Diversity

Co-Construction to Co-Implementation: From Vision to Reality

The SCALE partnership, using collaborative facilitation techniques, has found a way to build trust and a shared vision of best practices for teaching and learning. Partnerships Across Institutions

Science Immersion Can Open Students to Lifelong Learning Skills

The SCALE science immersion theory applies cognitive research and an inquiry-based approach designed to engage students. Challenging Courses and Curricula

Planting Seeds of Change: SCALE’s Work with Higher Education

SCALE builds professional partnerships across the educational continuum to develop a common vision of math and science teaching and learning. Partnerships Across Institutions

03 AprSCALE Bibliography

For more information on the SCALE Theory of Action, the following bibliography, taken from the original SCALE proposal to the National Science Foundation, provides readings on background and research closely related to SCALE work.


Argyris, C., & Schon, D. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley.

Argyris, C., & Schon, D. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Alexander, B. B., Burda, A. C., & Millar, S. B. (1997). A community approach to learning calculus: Fostering success for underrepresented ethnic minorities in an emerging scholars program. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 3(2), 145-159.

Alexander, B. B., Foertsch, J. A., & Daffinrud, S. M. (1998). The Spend a Summer with a Scientist program: An evaluation of program outcomes and essential elements for success. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, LEAD Center. Visit the LEAD Center’s page for a full-text PDF version of this document.

Ball, D. L., & Cohen, D. K. (1999). Developing practice, developing practitioners: Toward a practice-based theory of professional education. In L. Darling-Hammond & G. Sykes (Eds.), Teaching as a learning profession (pp. 3-31). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Ball, D.L., Lubienski, S.T., & Mewborn, D.S. (2001). Mathematics. In V. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching, 4th ed. (pp. 433-456). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.

Berends, M., Chun, J., Schuyler, G., Stockly, S., & Briggs, R.J. (2002). Challenges of conflicting school reforms: Effects of New American Schools in a high-poverty district. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Blank, R. K., & Langesen, D. (2001). State indicators of science and mathematics education: 2001. Washington, DC: Council of Chief State School Officers.

Bill, V. L., Leer, M. N., Reams, L. E., & Resnick, L. B. (1992). From cupcakes to equations: The structure of discourse in a primary mathematics classroom. Verbum, 15(1), 63-85.

Briars, D. J., & Resnick, L. B. (2000). Standards, assessment – and what else? The essential elements of standards-based school improvement. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Evaluation, UCLA. Visit the CSE page at UCLA for a full-text PDF version of this document.

Brown, A. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2, 141-178. Visit the Journal of Learning Sciences online to read the abstract.

Brown, A. & Greeno, J. (1999). Recommendations regarding research priorities: An advisory report to the National Educational Research Policy and Priorities Board. New York: National Academy of Education.

Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Peterson, P. L., Chiang, C. P., & Loef, M. (1989). Using knowledge of children’s mathematics thinking in classroom teaching: An experimental study. American Educational Research Journal, 26, 499-531.

Clune, W. H. (2001). Toward a Theory of Standards-Based Reform: The Case of Nine NSF Statewide Systemic Initiatives. In Susan Fuhrman. (Ed.). From the Capitol to the Classroom: Standards-Based Reform in the States, 100th Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. University of Chicago.

Clune, W. H., Mason, S., Pohs, C., Thiel, C. & White, P. A. (2002). The Milwaukee Middle School Proficiencies: Systemic school reform through high stakes assessments and a network of schools. Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, April 2, 2002

Cohen, P., Kulik, J., & Kulik, C. (1982). Educational outcomes of tutoring: A meta-analysis of findings. American Educational Research Journal 19, 237-248.

Cohen, D. K., & Hill, H.C. (2001). Learning policy: When state education reform works. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Cohen, E. G., & Lotan, R. A. (Eds.). (1997). Working for equity in heterogeneous classrooms: Sociological theory in practice. New York: Teachers College Press.

Connecticut Academy for Education in Mathematics, Science & Technology. (2001). Systemic Improvement Protocol, Participant’s Packet.

Costa, A. & Garmston, R. (1994). Cognitive coaching: a foundation for renaissance schools. Norwood, MA: Christopher-Gordon Publishers, Inc.

Crowley, K., Schunn, D. C., & Okada, T. (Eds.). (2001). Designing for science: Implications from everyday, classroom, and professional settings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Daffinrud, S., & Connolly, M. (2001). K through Infinity Professional Development Partnership: Mid-year Report on KTI Teams – Findings from Surveys of Participating Fellows and Teachers. The LEAD Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Derry, S. J., DuRussel, L. A., & O’Donnell, A. M. (1998). Individual and distributed cognitions in interdisciplinary teamwork: A developing case study and emerging theory. Educational Psychology Review 10, 25-56. Visit Kluwer’s online journal archive to read the abstract.

Derry, S. J., & DuRussel, L. A. (1999). Assessing knowledge construction processes in on-line learning communities. In S. Lajoie & M. Vivet (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education (pp. 431-438). Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Derry, S. J., Gance, S. P., Gance, L. L., & Schlager, M. (2000). Toward assessment of knowledge building practices in technology-mediated work group interactions. In S. Lajoie (Ed.), Computers as cognitive tools II. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Devin-Sheehan, L., Feldman, R., & Allen, V. (1976). Research on children tutoring children: A critical review. Review of Educational Research 46, 355-385. Dweck, C.S. (1999). Self-Theories: Their role in motivation, personality and development. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.

Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality and development. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.

Elmore, R. F. (2000). Building and new structure for school leadership. Washington, DC: The Albert Shanker Institute.

Elmore, R. F., & Burney, D. (1999). Investing in teacher learning: Staff development and instructional improvement. In L. Darling-Hammond & G. Sykes (Eds.), Teaching as the learning profession: Handbook of policy and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Elmore, R. F., & McLaughlin, M. W. (1988). Steady work: Policy, practice, and the reform of American education. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation.

Foley, E. (2001). Contradictions and control in systemic reform: The ascendancy of the central office in Philadelphia schools. Philadelphia, PA: Consortium for Policy Research in Education. Visit CPRE’s Publications site for a full-text PDF version of this document.

Freeman, D. T., & Porter, A. C. (1989). Do textbooks dictate the content of mathematics instruction in elementary schools? American Educational Research Journal 26(3), 403-421.

Fuhrman, S. (Ed.). (2001). From the Capitol to the Classroom: Standards-Based Reform in the States, 100th Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, University of Chicago.

Gamoran, A. (2000). High standards: A strategy for equalizing opportunities for learning?” In R. D. Kahlenberg (Ed.), A notion at risk: Preserving public education as an engine for social mobility (pp. 93-126). New York: The Century Foundation.

Gamoran, A., Porter, A. C., Smithson, J., & White, P. A. (1997). Upgrading high school mathematics instruction: Improving learning opportunities for low-achieving, low-income youth. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 19(4), 325-338.

Garet, M. S., Birman, B. F., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Herman, R., & Yoon, K. S. (1999). Designing effective professional development: Lessons from the Eisenhower Program (Report). Washington, DC: US Department of Education. Visit the US Department of Education online for the complete article.

Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). “What Makes Professional Development Effective: Results From a National Sample of Teachers.” American Educational Research Journal 38(4), 915-945.

Garet, M. S., & Delany, B. (1988). Students, courses and stratification. Sociology of Education 61, 61-77.

Hill, P.T., & Celio, M.B. (1988). Fixing urban schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Visit the Brookings Institute online for a full-text version of this document.

Henningsen, M., & Stein, M. K. (1997). Mathematical tasks and student cognition: Classroom-based factors that support and inhibit high-level mathematical thinking and reasoning. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 28(5), 524-549.

Howard, J. (1995). You can’t get there from here: The need for a new logic in education reform. Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Fall).

Kahle, J. B. (1998). Reaching equity in systemic reform: How do we assess progress and problems (Research Monograph No. 9). Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Institute for Science Education.

Kahlenberg, R. D. (2000). All together now: Creating middle-class schools through public school choice. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution. Visit the Brookings Institute online to read more about this document.

Keeney, L. (1998). Using data for school improvement: Report on the Second Practitioners’ Conference for Annenberg Challenge Sites–Houston, May 1998. Providence, RI: Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University.

Kennedy, M. (1998). Form and substance in inservice teacher education (Research Monograph No. 13). Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Institute for Science Education.

Knapp, M. S. (1997). Between systemic reforms in the mathematics and science classroom: The dynamics of innovation, implementation, and professional review. Review of Educational Research 67(2), 227-266. Visit AERA’s online journal archive to read the abstract.

Lampert, M. (2001). Teaching problems and the problems of teaching. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Lee, O., & Fradd, S. H. (1988). Science for all, including students from non-English-language backgrounds. Educational Researcher 17(4), 12-21.

Lee, O. (1999). Equity implications based on the conceptions of science achievement in major reform documents. Review of Educational Research 69(1), 83-115. Visit AERA’s online journal archive to read the abstract.

Lee, V. E., Smith, J., & Croninger, R. (1995). Another look at high school restructuring. Issues in restructuring schools, No. 9. Madison, WI: Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools, Wisconsin Center for Education Research, University of Wisconsin.

Lee, V. E., Smith, J., & Croninger, R. (1997). How high school organization influences the equitable distribution of learning in mathematics and science. Sociology of Education, 70 (April), 128-150.

Lewis, C., & Tsuchida, I. (1997). Planned educational change in Japan: The shift to student-centered elementary science. Journal of Educational Policy 12, 313-331.

Loveless, T. (1999). The tracking wars: State reform meets school policy. Washington, DC: Brookings. Visit the Brookings Institute online for a full-text version of this document.

Loucks-Horsley, S., Hewson, P. W., Love, N., & Stiles, K. E. (1998). Designing Professional Development for Teachers of Science and Mathematics. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Corwin Press, Inc.

Lucas, S. R. (1999). Tracking inequality: Stratification and mobility in American high schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

Lynch, S. (2000). Equity and science education reform. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, Inc.

Ma, L. (1999). Knowing and teaching elementary mathematics: Teachers’ understanding of fundamental mathematics in China and the United States. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Michaels, S. & O’Conner, M. C., with Resnick, L. B. (2002). Accountable talk: Classroom conversation that works [CD-ROM, version 1.0]. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh, Learning Research and Development Center, Institute for Learning. (www.instituteforlearning.org)

Millar, S. B. (2000). The role of formative evaluation in the development of an interdisciplinary academic center (Occasional Paper No. 8). Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Institute for Science Education.

Millar, S. B., Alexander, B. B., & Lewis, H. A. (1995). Final evaluation report on the pilot Wisconsin Emerging Scholars Program, 1993-4. ( Vol. 1). Madison: University of Wisconsin- Madison, LEAD Center.

Mintzes, J. J., Wandersee, J. H., & Novak, J. D. (Eds.).(1998). Teaching science for understanding: A human constructivist view. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Moses, R. P., & Cobb, C. E., Jr. (2001). Radical equations: Math literacy and civil rights. Boston: Beacon Press.

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